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Cabinet Committee on Security

Толкование Перевод

1 Cabinet Committee on Security

Abbreviation: CCS (India)

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Cabinet Committee on Security
2 committee

n

комитет, комиссия

to appear before a committee — присутствовать / выступать на заседании комитета

to appoint a committee — назначать комитет

to assign a task to a committee — передавать вопрос в комитет; поручать решение вопроса комитету

to bring smb before a committee — вызывать кого-л. на заседание комитета

to chair a committee — быть председателем комитета; возглавлять комитет

to curtail the functions of the committee — ограничивать функции комитета

to define the competence of the committee — определять / устанавливать круг полномочий комитета

to drop smb from a committee — выводить кого-л. из состава комитета

to entrust a committee with a task — передавать вопрос в комитет, поручать решение вопроса комитету

to establish a committee — образовывать / создавать / учреждать комитет

to exclude smb from a committee — выводить кого-л. из состава комитета

to form a committee — образовывать / создавать / учреждать комитет

to go before a committee — присутствовать / выступать на заседании комитета

to introduce smb into a committee — включать / вводить кого-л. в состав комитета

to refer / to remit smth to a committee — передавать что-л. на рассмотрение комитета

to reorganize a committee — проводить реорганизацию комитета

to request an increase in the membership of the committee — просить о расширении состава комиссии

to set up a committee — образовывать / создавать / учреждать комитет

to sit on a committee — принимать участие в работе комитета

to specify the terms of reference of the committee — определять / устанавливать круг полномочий комитета

to take part in the work of a committee — принимать участие в работе комитета

to testify before a parliamentary committee — давать показания парламентской комиссии

to vote smb into a committee — избирать кого-л. в комитет

- ad hoc committee
- administrative committee
- advisory committee
- Aeronautical and Space Science Committee
- Agriculture and Forestry Committee
- Appropriations Committee
- arbitration committee
- Armed Service Committee
- auditing committee
- back-bench committee
- Banking and Currency Committee
- budget committee
- cabinet committee
- cabinet-level committee
- censorship committee
- citizens' committee
- city committee
- Committee for Economic Development
- committee for national redemption
- committee is holding a sitting
- committee is in session
- committee is sitting
- committee of action
- committee of experts
- committee of five
- committee of inquiry
- Committee of Permanent Representatives of Member States of the EU
- Committee of the Whole House
- Committee on Committees
- committee on juridical questions
- committee on legal questions
- Committee on Rules
- conference committee
- Congressional campaign committee
- Congressional committee
- consultative committee
- coordination committee
- COPEREP
- county committee
- credentials committee
- cross-party committee
- DAC
- Defense Ministers' Committee
- Democratic National Committee
- Development Assistance Committee
- District of Columbia Committee
- drafting committee
- Education and Labor Committee
- election committee
- emergency committee
- enlarged committee
- Ethics Committee
- executive committee
- exhibition committee
- Expenditures in the Executive Departments Committee
- Finance Committee
- Foreign Affairs Committee of the House of Representatives
- Foreign Ministers' Committee
- four-strong committee
- general committee
- Good Offices Committee
- government committee
- Government Operations Committee
- high level committee
- hospitality committee
- House Administration Committee
- House Intelligence Committee
- Human Rights Committee
- ICRC
- inter-agency committee
- interim committee
- Interior and Insular Affairs Committee
- Internal Security Committee
- International Committee of the Red Cross
- International Olympic Committee
- Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee
- joint committee
- joint Congressional committee
- judicial screening committee
- Labor and Public Welfare Committee
- law-and-order committee
- legal committee
- main committees
- management committee
- Merchant Marine and Fisheries Committee
- Military Staff Committee
- mixed committee
- National Olympic Committee
- National Salvation Committee
- negotiating committee
- Nobel Prize Committee
- nominations committee
- organizing committee
- parliamentary committee
- party committee
- patronage committee
- permanent committee
- policy-making committee
- political action committee
- political committee
- Post Office and Civil Service Committee
- press committee
- procedural committees
- Public Lands Committee
- Public Works Committee
- reception committee
- recess committee
- report of the committee
- Republic Election committee
- Rules and Administration Committee
- Science and Astronautics Committee
- select committee
- selection committee
- Senate Appropriations Committee
- Senate Armed Services Committee
- Senate Intelligence Committee
- senatorial committee
- sessional committee
- sifting committee
- smelling committee
- special committee
- Standards of Official Conduct Committee
- standing committee
- steering committee
- strike committee
- style committee
- subsidiary committee
- trade-union committee
- UN Sanctions Committee
- Un-American Activities Committee
- Veterans Affairs Committee
- Ways and Means Committee
- welfare committee
- working committee

Politics english-russian dictionary > committee
3 cabinet

1. сущ.
1) пол. кабинет [совет\], министров, правительство

а) (в условиях президентской системы правления, напр., в США: неофициальный традиционный орган, включающий в себя основных министров, который собирается для обсуждения политики и консультирования президента; решения имеют рекомендательный характер)

See:

presidential government, Executive Office of the President, Secretary of State, vice president, kitchen cabinet

б) (в условиях парламентской системы правления, напр., в Великобритании: руководящая группа министров, назначаемая премьер-министром для выработки государственной политики; принимает решения, за которые несет коллективную ответственность)

coalition cabinet — коалиционное правительство

single-party cabinet — однопартийный кабинет

composition of the Cabinet — Состав кабинета министров

to go into the cabinet — войти в состав кабинета

to resign from the Cabinet — выйти из состава правительства

to construct [to form\] a cabinet — сформировать кабинет

The Cabinet meets on Thursday morning — Кабинет собирается утром по четвергам.

Syn:

committee of senior ministers, Cabinet

See:

cabinet government, shadow cabinet, accountability, Privy Council, Lord High Chancellor, despatch box, front benches, minister of state, inner cabinet, back benches, Chancellor of the Exchequer, Attorney-General v Jonathan Cape, Downing street, Lord President of the Council, Cabinet Office, convention of collective ministerial responsibility, Secretary of State for Defence, Ministerial and Other Salaries Act 1975, cabinet department, cabinet minister

2) гос. упр. заседание кабинета (министров)

The Prime Minister held a cabinet yesterday. — Премьер-министр провел вчера заседание кабинета министров.

The decision was taken at Thursday's cabinet. — Решение было принято на заседании кабинета министров, проводившемся в четверг.

Syn:

cabinet meeting

3)

а) потр. шкаф с выдвижными ящиками; застекленный шкафчик; камера; ящик; футляр; шкатулка; ларец

б) торг. шкаф, витрина, прилавок

ice-cream cabinet — холодильный шкаф [прилавок\] для мороженого

4) бирж., амер. шкаф, (металлический) ящик, кабинет* (ящик, в котором хранятся лимитные приказы до их исполнения)

See:

limit order
2. прил.
1) гос. упр. министерский, правительственный, относящийся к кабинету [совету\] министров

cabinet crisis — правительственный кризис

Cabinet Minister — член совета министров

cabinet decision — решение правительства

2) общ. кабинетный (кабинетного формата; также в переносном смысле: непубличный)

cabinet photograph — кабинетная фотография

See:

cabinet security, composition of the Cabinet

* * *
"кабинет", шкаф, ящик: металлический ящик, в котором хранятся лимитные приказы до их исполнения фондовыми "специалистами" или "маркетмейкерами" (США); см. cabinet crowd;
cabinet security.

Англо-русский экономический словарь > cabinet
4 committee

1. n комитет, комиссия

executive committee — исполнительный комитет

credentials committee — комитет по проверке полномочий; мандатная комиссия

joint committee — межведомственная или межпарламентская комиссия

strike committee — стачечный комитет

committee English — канцелярский английский язык

committee room — зал заседаний комитетов

committee of action — комитет действия

Political and Security Committee — комитет по политическим вопросам и вопросам безопасности

Committee of the whole — комитет всей палаты, заседание палат парламента на правах комитета

in committee — на рассмотрении комиссии

on the committee are … — в состав комиссии входят …, комиссия состоит из …

audit and exam committee — аудиторский и ревизионный комитет

maritime safety committee — Комитет по безопасности на море

Investment Protection Committee — комитет защиты инвестиций

intergovernmental committee — межправительственный комитет

aaronic priesthood committee — комитет священства Ааронова

2. n опекун, попечитель

Синонимический ряд:

board (noun) board; board of directors; cabinet; commission; consultants; council; delegation; jury; panel

English-Russian base dictionary > committee
5 CCS

1) Авиация: cabin communication system, centralized cabin station

2) Медицина: central cord syndrome, Cronkhite-Canada syndrome, Canadian Cardiovascular Society

3) Спорт: Championship Cup Series

4) Военный термин: COMINT Collection Subsystem ( 3) Combat Control Squadron, Change Control System, Combat Communications Squadron, Combined Chiefs of Staff, Command and Control Systems, Command and Coordination Set, Communications Control Set, Constellation Control Station, cartographic conversion station, casualty clearing station, central computer station, central computer, ship, central control section, collective call sign, command and control system, command control system, command, control, support, communications control system, computer command subsystem, confidential cover sheet, conformal countermeasures system, contaminant control system, control and computation system, control computer system, control coordination sets, current call sign, ОКНШ, Объединённый комитет начальников штабов, Collection Capabilities Statement (HUMINT), Computer and Communications System

5) Техника: Canstor Canadian storage, Center for Cybernetics Study, Chicago cyclotron spectrometer, Compact Cooling System, camera control system, central control station, collector-coupled structure, command and communications system, commitment control system, common channel signaling unit, common-channel signaling, component cooling system, composite color signal, computation and control system, condensate clean-up system, condensate cooling system, containment cooling system, continuous color sequence, contrast contour seeker, credit control system, customer calling service, УХУ, технология УХУ, улавливание и хранение двуокиси углерода, улавливание и хранение углерода, CO2 capture and storage, carbon dioxide capture and storage

6) Шутливое выражение: Certified Coding Specialist

7) Бухгалтерия: Credit Card Status, система кредитного контроля (credit control system)

8) Автомобильный термин: coast clutch solenoid, controlled combustion system, Испытание моторного масла методом "холодного" старта (Cold Crank(ing) Simulator. Метод проверки свойств моторных масел в условиях низких температур.), Cold cranking viscosity (ASTM D5293)

9) Архитектура: Certified Construction Specifier

10) Грубое выражение: Corporate Cock Suckers, Crap Coming Soon

11) Металлургия: Carbon capture and storage (usually used with word "technology")

12) Полиграфия: Cannon Color System

13) Телекоммуникации: Call Center Service, Common Channel Signaling, Hundred Call Seconds per Hour

14) Сокращение: Cabinet Committee on Security (India), Carrier Cost System (includes CCCS and RCCS), Combat Control System, Command & Control Station, Common Channel Signaling (network), Control & Communications Subsystem, Course Corrected Shell, Crew Cooling System, Hundred Call Seconds, Cold Cranking Simulator (a high shear viscometer used measure viscosity of crankcase ols at low temperature.), China Classification Society (классификационное общество Китая), Combined Combustion System

15) Университет: Campus Computing Sites, Correct Class Selection

16) Вычислительная техника: Communications-Computer Systems, Component Control System, Computerized Charging System, Continuous Composite Servo, Coded Character Set (CCS, Unicode), Common Communications Support (IBM, SAA), Common Channel Signaling (IN), Cyprus Computer Society (Org, Zypern), Common Command Set (SCSI), Hundred Call Seconds (Telephony), Cambridge Cybernetic Society (organization)

17) Нефть: Cable Communication System

18) Онкология: Canadian Cancer Society, Cancer Control Society

19) Связь: 100 вызовов в минуту (ед. измерения)

20) Воздухоплавание: Communication Control System, Optical Contact Sensor

21) Фирменный знак: Central Computing Services, Creative Communications Services, Creative Curriculum Software (Company)

22) Экология: улавливание и хранение CO2, улавливание и хранение углерода

23) Энергетика: CCS-технология, геологический секвестр углерода, улавливание и удержание CO2

24) Деловая лексика: Cadence Customer Support, Care Commitment And Service, Cash Centre System, Central Certificate Service, Cost of Common Stock, Customer And Community Satisfaction, Customer Care System, Commercial Crime Service

25) Сетевые технологии: common channel signalling, common communication support, унифицированная поддержка связи, унифицированный список команд

26) Автоматика: collision control system, constant cutting speed, current controlled source

27) Сахалин Ю: caustic soda

28) Химическое оружие: Central control system

29) Безопасность: Coded Character Set

30) Расширение файла: Common Command Set, Common Communications Services, Common Communications Support, Cryptographic Checksum

31) SAP.тех. стандарт CCS

32) Нефть и газ: Улавливание и консервация (долговременное хранение) СО2 (Carbon Capture and Sequestration), актуальные расходы на складирование (Current Cost of Supply), CCS technology

33) Огнеупоры: определение прочности при холодном раздавливании, прочность при раздавливании в холодном состоянии, прочность при сжатии в холодном состоянии, cold crushing test, gross compressive stress required to cause fracture, cold crushing strength

34) Фантастика Card Captor Sakura

35) Должность: Calculator And Computer Systems, Certified Chemoinformatics Specialist, Customer Care Specialist

36) NYSE. Castle & Cooke, Inc.

37) Аэропорты: Caracas, Venezuela

38) НАСА: Central Checkout System

39) Международные перевозки: consolidated cargo (container) service

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > CCS
6 NSC

1) Американизм: National Security Caucus, National Security Community

2) Спорт: National Ski Council

3) Военный термин: NATO Science Committee, NATO Security Committee, NATO Steering Committee, NATO Subordinate Command, NATO Supply Center, NATO supply classification, National Security Council, National Simulations Center, Naval Space Command, Naval Supply Center, Naval Supply Corps, Navy Service Center, СНБ, Совет национальной безопасности

4) Техника: Nuclear Safety Convention, necessary and sufficient conditions, net-section collapse, noise suppression circuit, nuclear safety concern

5) Математика: необходимое и достаточное условие (necessary and sufficient condition)

6) Юридический термин: КНБ (Kazakhstan), комитет национальной безопасности

7) Автомобильный термин: National Sales Companies

8) Телекоммуникации: Network Service Center

9) Сокращение: NATO Supply Centre, National (US) Security Council, National Savings Committee, National Space Council, Network Distribution Center (USPS redesigned BMC 2009), Network Security Centre

10) Университет: Ntid Student Congress

11) Физиология: No Significant Change, Non Structural Carbohydrate, Normal State Of Consciousness

12) Вычислительная техника: National SemiConductor (Hersteller), National (US) Security Council (US Government)

13) Нефть: necessary and sufficient condition

14) Биотехнология: neural stem cells

15) Транспорт: National Safety Council

16) Атомная энергия: (New Safe Confinement) НБК (Новый безопасный конфайнмент) (ЧАЭС)

17) Фирменный знак: National Silver Company, North State Communications

18) Деловая лексика: National Securities Commission, Nouvelle Systeme de Cotation

19) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Nippon Steel Corporation, Norvegian continental shelf

20) Образование: No Student Contact

21) Сетевые технологии: Network Security Center, Network Systems Corporation, network switching center, Центр по защите сетей, коммутационный центр сети

22) Океанография: National Science Council

23) Военно-морской флот: перспективный надводный боевой корабль (new surface combatant)

24) Электротехника: шкаф со стороны нейтрали, neutral side cabinet, neutral-side cabinet

25) НАТО: Комитет НАТО по вопросам безопасности

26) NYSE. Norfolk Southern Corporation

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > NSC
7 council

1. n совет

council of ministers — совет министров

World Peace Council — Всемирный Совет Мира

Security Council — Совет Безопасности

Council of War — военный совет

energy resources council — совет по энергетическим ресурсам

alternate high council — дополнительный член высшего совета

National Security Council — Совет национальной безопасности

Advertising Standards Council — Совет по рекламному кодексу

peace and order council — Совет по вопросам мира и порядка

2. n орган местного самоуправления; местный совет

city council — городской совет, муниципалитет

council of the bar — совет барристеров

works council — производственный совет

Hebdomadal Council — Еженедельный Совет

announcement council — совет по рекламе

advisory council — консультативный совет

3. n совещание

family council — семейный совет

council of physicians — врачебный консилиум

hold council — держать совет; проводить совещание

4. n церковный собор

jerusalem council — иерусалимский собор

ecumenical council — вселенский собор

council of ephesus — эфесский собор

regional council — поместный собор

Nicene Council — никейский собор

5. n синедрион

Синонимический ряд:

1. advisory board (noun) advisory board; cabinet; committee; directorate

2. assembly (noun) assembly; conclave; conference; convention; meeting

3. chamber (noun) board; chamber; congregation; congress; gathering; senate

English-Russian base dictionary > council
8 conseil

conseil [kɔ̃sεj]

1. masculine noun

   a. ( = recommandation) piece of advice

• donner des conseils à qn to give sb some advice

• demander conseil à qn to ask sb's advice

• c'est un conseil d'ami it's just a friendly piece of advice

• il est de bon conseil he gives good or sound advice

   b. ( = profession) consultancy

• cabinet or société de conseil firm of consultants

   c. ( = personne) consultant (en in)

• conseil juridique legal consultant or adviser

• conseil en communication communications or media consultant

• ingénieur-conseil engineering consultant

   d. ( = assemblée) board

2. compounds

► conseil d'administration [de société anonyme] board of directors ; [d'hôpital, école] board of governors

► conseil de classe staff meeting (to discuss the progress of individual members of a class)

► Conseil constitutionnel Constitutional Council

► conseil de discipline (School) disciplinary committee

► conseil d'établissement (School) ≈ governing board (Brit), ≈ board of education (US)

► Conseil économique et social Economic and Social Council

► Conseil d'État Council of State

► Conseil de l'Europe Council of Europe

► Conseil européen European Council

► Conseil fédéral (en Suisse) Federal Council

► conseil général (French) departmental council ≈ county council (Brit), ≈ county commission (US)

► Conseil des ministres council of ministers

► conseil municipal town council

► conseil régional regional council

► Conseil de sécurité Security Council

► Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel French broadcasting regulatory body

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CONSEIL

In France, the « Conseil constitutionnel » is an official body that ensures that the constitution is respected in matters of legislation and during elections. The « Conseil d'État » examines bills before they are submitted to the « Conseil des ministres », a weekly meeting which some or all ministers attend. → ARRONDISSEMENT COMMUNE DÉPARTEMENT RÉGION

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CONSEIL GÉNÉRAL

Each « département » of France is run by a Conseil général, whose remit covers transport, housing, secondary schools, social welfare, and cultural and economic development. The council is made up of « conseillers généraux », each of whom represents a « canton » and is elected for a six-year term. Half of the council's members are elected every three years.

* * *
kɔ̃sɛj
nom masculin

1) ( avis) advice [U]

conseil d'ami — piece of friendly advice

quelques conseils de prudence — a few words of caution ou warning

donner à quelqu'un le conseil de faire — to advise somebody to do

il est de bon conseil — he always gives good advice

2) ( assemblée) council

tenir conseil — to hold a meeting

3) ( conseiller) consultant

conseil en gestion — management consultant

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- conseil d'administration

- conseil de classe

- conseil de discipline

- conseil de famille

- conseil général

- conseil de guerre

- conseil des ministres

- conseil de révision

- conseil de surveillance

- conseil d'université

- Conseil d'État

- Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel

- Conseil supérieur de la magistrature

* * *
kɔ̃sɛj
1. nm

1) (= avis) piece of advice, advice no pl

donner un conseil à qn — to give sb some advice, to give sb a piece of advice

donner des conseils à qn — to give sb some advice

demander conseil à qn — to ask sb's advice, to ask sb for advice

Est-ce que je peux te demander conseil? — Can I ask your advice?, Can I ask you for some advice?

prendre conseil — to take advice

prendre conseil auprès de qn — to take advice from sb

2) (= assemblée) council

tenir conseil — to hold a meeting

3) (= expert) consultant

conseil en recrutement — recruitment consultant

2. adj

ingénieur-conseil — engineering consultant

* * *

conseil nm

1 ( avis) advice ¢; un conseil a piece of advice; des conseils some advice; beaucoup de conseils a lot of advice; donner un conseil à qn to give sb advice; demander conseil à qn to ask (for) sb's advice; suivre/écouter les conseils de qn to follow/to listen to sb's advice; un petit conseil a little piece of advice; un bon conseil a piece of good advice; conseil d'ami piece of friendly advice; un conseil gratuit a piece of free advice; quelques conseils de prudence a few words of caution ou warning; sur les conseils de qn on sb's advice; donner à qn le conseil de faire to advise sb to do; il est de bon conseil he always gives good advice; conseils d'entretien cleaning ou care instructions; ⇒ nuit;

2 ( assemblée) council; réunir le conseil to convene the council; tenir conseil to hold a meeting;

3 ( conseiller) consultant; conseil en gestion management consultant.

Composés

conseil d'administration Entr board of directors; conseil de classe Scol staff meeting (for all those teaching a given class); conseil de discipline Admin, Mil, Scol disciplinary committee; conseil de famille Jur Board of Guardians; ( non officiel) family meeting ou gathering; conseil général Pol council of a French department; conseil de guerre Mil council of war; conseil des ministres Pol gén council of ministers; ( au Royaume-Uni) Cabinet meeting; conseil municipal Pol town council; conseil régional Pol regional council; conseil de révision Mil medical board (assessing fitness for military service); conseil de surveillance Entr supervisory board; conseil d'université Univ senate; Conseil constitutionnel Jur Constitutional Council; Conseil économique et social Pol Economic and Social Council; Conseil d'État Pol Council of State (advising government on administrative matters); Conseil de l'Europe, CE Pol Council of Europe; Conseil de sécurité (de l'ONU) Pol (UN) Security Council; Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel, CSA Radio, TV body which monitors broadcasting; Conseil supérieur de la langue française body responsible for the regulation and advancement of the French language; Conseil supérieur de la magistrature, CSM Jur High Council for the Judiciary.

ⓘ Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel The body which appoints the heads of the public broadcasting systems, licenses private contractors, monitors advertising and oversees all matters concerning impartiality, freedom of speech, quality and the promotion of French language and culture in the broadcast media.

[kɔ̃sɛj] nom masculin

1. [avis] piece of advice, counsel (soutenu)

un conseil d'ami a friendly piece of advice

des conseils

a. [d'ami] advice

b. [trucs] tips, hints

agir sur/suivre le conseil de quelqu'un to act on/to take somebody's advice

demander conseil à quelqu'un to ask somebody's advice, to ask somebody for advice

prendre conseil auprès de quelqu'un to take advice from somebody

2. [conseiller] adviser, consultant

conseil conjugal marriage-guidance counsellor

conseil en publicité advertising consultant

conseil en organisation organizational consultant

conseil fiscal tax consultant

conseil juridique legal adviser

(comme adjectif; avec ou sans trait d'union)

ingénieur conseil consultant engineer

avocat conseil legal consultant

3. [assemblée] board

[réunion] meeting

tenir conseil to hold a meeting

conseil d'administration

a. [d'une société] board of directors

b. [d'une organisation internationale] governing body

conseil de cabinet cabinet council, council of ministers

le Conseil constitutionnelFrench government body ensuring that laws, elections and referenda are constitutional

le Conseil économique et social consultative body advising the government on economic and social matters

le Conseil d'État the (French) Council of State

le Conseil de l'Europe the Council of Europe

le Conseil européen the European Council

conseil de famille board of guardians

conseil général ≃ county council

conseil de guerre

a. [réunion] war council ≃ War Cabinet

b. [tribunal] court-martial

passer en conseil de guerre to be court-martialled

conseil interministériel interministerial council

le Conseil des ministres ≃ the Cabinet

conseil municipal

a. [en ville] ≃ town council, ≃ local (urban) council

b. [à la campagne] ≃ parish council (UK), ≃ local (rural) council

conseil de prud'hommes industrial arbitration court ≃ ACAS (UK)

conseil régional regional council

conseil de révision MILITAIRE recruiting board, draft board (US)

le Conseil de sécurité the Security Council

le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature French state body that appoints members of the judiciary

4. ÉDUCATION

conseil de classe staff meeting (concerning a class)

conseil de discipline disciplinary committee

conseil d'école committee responsible for internal organization of a primary school

conseil d'établissement ≃ board of governors (UK), ≃ board of education (US)

conseil des maîtres teachers' committee at a primary school

conseil des professeurs termly meeting of teachers to discuss progress made by individual pupils

conseil d'UFR departmental (management) committee

Conseil d'Université ≃ university Senate (UK), ≃ Board of Trustees (US)

————————

de bon conseil locution adjectivale

un homme de bon conseil a man of sound advice, a wise counsellor

demande-lui, elle est de bon conseil ask her, she's good at giving advice

LE CONSEIL CONSTITUTIONNEL

The Conseil constitutionnel, which ensures that new laws do not contravene the constitution, has nine members appointed for a nine-year period; it also includes the surviving former Presidents of France. The President of the Republic and any member of parliament can refer laws to the Conseil Constitutionnel for scrutiny.

LE CONSEIL D'ÉTAT

The French Council of State acts both as the highest court to which the legal affairs of the state can be referred, and as a consultative body to which bills and rulings are submitted by the government prior to examination by the Conseil des ministres. It has 200 members.

CONSEIL DES MINISTRES

The President himself presides over the Conseil des ministres, which traditionally meets every Wednesday morning; strictly speaking, when ministers assemble in the sole presence of the Prime Minister, this is known as le Conseil du cabinet.

CONSEIL GÉNÉRAL

The body responsible for the administration of a département. Members are elected for a six-year term, with one councillor per canton, and are headed by the président du conseil général.

CONSEIL RÉGIONAL

The committee body for the administration of a région. Members are elected for a six-year term and are headed by the président du conseil régional. They decide on matters of planning, construction, regional development and education.

CONSEIL SUPÉRIEUR DE LA MAGISTRATURE

This state body advises on the appointment of members of the magistrature, and on specific points of law concerning the judiciary. It is also consulted when the president wishes to exercise his official pardon. It has ten members: the Minister of Justice and nine others appointed by the President of the Republic.

CONSEIL MUNICIPAL

The town council is elected during the municipales (local elections). Elected members, or conseillers municipaux, oversee the administration of a commune in conjunction with the mayor.

les conseils

Demander conseil

What should I do? Qu'est-ce que je dois faire ?

What would you do, if you were me? Qu'est-ce que tu ferais si tu étais moi ?

What would you do in my place? Qu'est-ce que tu ferais à ma place ?

Do you think I should tell him? Tu crois que je devrais le lui dire ?

I could do with ou I need some advice. J'aurais besoin d'un conseil

Donner un conseil

Why don't you (just) tell her? Pourquoi ne pas le lui dire (carrément) ?

Take my advice and say nothing to her. Je te conseille de ne rien lui dire

If I were you, I'd phone him. Si j'étais toi, je l'appellerais

If you ask me, I think you should resign. Si tu veux mon avis, je pense que tu devrais démissionner

Perhaps ou Maybe you should warn him. Peut-être que tu devrais le prévenir

I'd think twice about going. Je réfléchirais à deux fois avant d'y aller

You could always try writing to him. Ce serait peut-être pas mal de lui écrire

It might be better to do it yourself. Ce serait peut-être mieux que tu le fasses toi-même

Now listen to me: you really must go and see a doctor. Écoute, il faut absolument que tu ailles voir un médecin

If you want my advice, you'll pretend it never happened. Si tu veux mon avis, fais comme si rien ne s'était passé

I hope you won't take this the wrong way, but... Ne le prends pas mal, mais...

It's not really any of my business, but... Je sais que ça ne me regarde pas, mais...

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > conseil
9 consiglio

m (pl -gli) piece of advice

( organo amministrativo) council

consiglio d'amministrazione board (of directors)

Consiglio d'Europa Council of Europe

consiglio dei ministri Cabinet

* * *

consiglio s.m.

1 advice [U], counsel [U]; ( suggerimento) suggestion: consiglio disinteressato, disinterested advice; un buon consiglio, a good piece of advice; ascolta i miei consigli, take my advice; vuoi un consiglio?, do you want a bit of advice?; chiedere il consiglio di qlcu., to consult s.o. (o to seek s.o.'s advice); rifiutare un consiglio, ( respingerlo) to reject s.o.'s advice; ( rifiutarsi di darlo) to refuse to give advice; seguire il consiglio di qlcu., to follow s.o.'s advice

2 ( organo collegiale) council, board: (amm.) consiglio comunale, town council; consiglio dei ministri, council of ministers (o Cabinet); consiglio di Stato, Council of State; consiglio Superiore della Magistratura (abbr. CSM), magistrates' governing council; consiglio di amministrazione, direttivo, board of directors (o directorate); consiglio di amministrazione locale, local board; consiglio di amministrazione fiduciaria, board of trustees; consiglio di fabbrica, di azienda, works committee; consiglio di gestione, works council; convocare il consiglio, to convene the council// consiglio di famiglia, family council // (econ.): Consiglio Nazionale dei Consumatori, National Consumer Council; Consiglio Nazionale dell'Economia e del Lavoro, National Council of Economy and Labour; Consiglio della Riserva Federale, Federal Reserve Board // Consiglio di sicurezza ( dell'ONU), Security Council // consiglio d'istituto, parent-teacher-student association; consiglio di classe, parent-teacher-student association representing a class

3 (letter.) ( riflessione) reflection, deliberation// la notte porta consiglio, sleep on it (o tomorrow is another day)

4 (letter.) ( decisione) decision, resolution// mutare consiglio, to change one's mind // venire a più miti consigli, to see reason (o to lower one's expectations).

* * *

pl. - gli [kon'siʎʎo, ʎi] sostantivo maschile

1) (suggerimento) advice U (su, riguardo a on, about); suggestion (su about; riguardo a as to)

un consiglio — a word o piece of advice

dare un consiglio a qcn. — to give sb. advice

se posso darle un consiglio — if I may make a suggestion

chiedere consiglio a qcn. — to ask (for) sb.'s advice

dietro, su consiglio di qcn. — on sb.'s advice, at o on sb.'s suggestion

2) (riunione, consulto) council, meeting

3) (organo collegiale) council, board

•

consiglio di amministrazione — board of directors, directorate

consiglio comunale — city o town BE council

consiglio direttivo — executive council

Consiglio d'Europa — Council of Europe

consiglio di fabbrica — works committee o council BE

consiglio d'istituto — school council

Consiglio dei Ministri — = council of ministers

Consiglio di Sicurezza — Security Council

Consiglio di Stato — = in Italy, the main legal, administrative and judiciary body

Consiglio superiore della Magistratura — = in Italy, superior council of judges

* * *

consiglio

pl. - gli /kon'siλλo, λi/

sostantivo m.

1 (suggerimento) advice U (su, riguardo a on, about); suggestion (su about; riguardo a as to); un consiglio a word o piece of advice; dare un consiglio a qcn. to give sb. advice; se posso darle un consiglio if I may make a suggestion; chiedere consiglio a qcn. to ask (for) sb.'s advice; dietro, su consiglio di qcn. on sb.'s advice, at o on sb.'s suggestion

2 (riunione, consulto) council, meeting

3 (organo collegiale) council, board

COMPOUNDS

consiglio di amministrazione board of directors, directorate; consiglio comunale city o town BE council; consiglio direttivo executive council; Consiglio d'Europa Council of Europe; consiglio di fabbrica works committee o council BE; consiglio d'istituto school council; Consiglio dei Ministri = council of ministers; Consiglio di Sicurezza Security Council; Consiglio di Stato = in Italy, the main legal, administrative and judiciary body; Consiglio superiore della Magistratura = in Italy, superior council of judges.

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > consiglio
10 bureau

bureau (plural bureaux) [byʀo]

1. masculine noun

   a. ( = meuble) desk ; (sur écran d'ordinateur) desktop

   b. ( = cabinet de travail) study

   c. ( = lieu de travail, pièce) office

• pendant les heures de bureau during office hours

• nos bureaux seront fermés the office will be closed

• emploi de bureau office job

   d. ( = section) department

   e. ( = comité) committee ; (exécutif) board

• élire le bureau [syndicats] to elect the officers of the committee

2. compounds

► bureau d'accueil reception

► bureau d'aide sociale welfare office

► bureau de change bureau de change (Brit), foreign exchange office (US)

► bureau d'études [d'entreprise] research department ; ( = cabinet) research consultancy

► Bureau international du travail International Labour Office

► bureau des objets trouvés lost property office (Brit), lost and found (US)

► bureau politique [de parti] party executives

► bureau de poste post office

► bureau de renseignements information service

► bureau de tabac tobacconist's (Brit), tobacco shop (US) (selling stamps and newspapers)

► bureau de vote polling station

* * *

pl bureaux byʀo nom masculin

1) ( meuble) desk

2) ( pièce individuelle) ( chez soi) study; ( au travail) office

heures d'ouverture des bureaux — office hours

3) ( établissement) office

ouvrir un bureau à Londres — to open an office in London

4) ( organe directeur) board

bureau exécutif — executive board

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- bureau d'accueil

- bureau de change

- bureau d'études

- bureau de poste

- bureau de tabac

- bureau de tri

- bureau de vote

- Bureau international du travail

* * *
byʀo bureaux pl
1. nm

1) (= meuble) desk

Posez le dossier sur mon bureau. — Put the file on my desk.

2) (= pièce) office

Il vous attend dans son bureau. — He's waiting for you in his office.

3) (= service) office

2. bureaux nmpl

[entreprise] offices, office

* * *

bureau, pl bureaux nm

1 ( meuble) desk;

2 ( pièce individuelle) ( chez soi) study; ( au travail) office; immeuble de bureaux office-block; heures d'ouverture des bureaux office hours;

3 ( établissement) office; ouvrir un bureau à Londres to open an office in London; la société va fermer ses bureaux de Londres the company is about to close its London offices;

4 ( organe directeur) board; bureau exécutif executive board; bureau politique policy-making committee of a political party.

Composés

bureau d'accueil reception; bureau d'aide sociale social security office GB, welfare office US; bureau du cadastre land registry; bureau de change bureau de change, foreign exchange office; bureau des contributions tax office; bureau à cylindre roll-top desk; bureau de douane customs office; bureau d'enregistrement stamp duty office; bureau de l'état civil registry office; bureau d'étude technique engineering and design department; bureau d'études ( recherche) research department; ( conception) design office; bureau de liaison liaison office; bureau ministre executive desk; bureau des objets trouvés lost property office GB, lost-and-found office US; bureau de placement agency (for actors and domestic staff); bureau de poste post office; bureau de tabac ( articles pour fumeurs) tobacconist's GB, smoke shop US; (cigarettes, journaux) newsagent GB, news stand US; bureau de tri sorting office; bureau de vote polling station; Bureau international du travail, BIT International Labour Office, ILO.

( pluriel bureaux) [byro] nom masculin

1. [meuble - généralement] desk ; [ - à rabat] bureau

bureau à cylindre roll-top desk

2. [pièce d'une maison] study

3. [lieu de travail] office

aller au bureau to go to the office

travailler dans un bureau to work in an office, to have an office job ou a desk job

nos bureaux sont transférés au 10, rue Biot our office has ou our premises have been transferred to 10 rue Biot

bureau d'accueil reception

bureau paysager open-plan office (with plants)

employé de bureau office worker, clerk

fournitures de bureau office supplies

4. [agence]

bureau d'aide sociale welfare office ou centre

bureau de change

a. [banque] bureau de change, foreign exchange office

b. [comptoir] bureau de change, foreign exchange counter

bureau d'études

a. [entreprise] research consultancy

b. [service] research department ou unit

bureau des objets trouvés lost property (UK) ou lost-and-found (US) office

bureau de placement employment agency (for domestic workers)

bureau de poste post office

bureau de tabac tobacconist's (UK), tobacco dealer's (US)

bureau de tri sorting office

bureau de vote polling station

5. [commission] committee

le syndicat réuni en bureau confédéral the union meeting at federal committee level

Bureau international du travail International Labour Organization

bureau politique Politburo

6. INFORMATIQUE desktop

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > bureau
11 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
12 Minister

Minister m POL minister
* * *
Minister
Minister of the Crown (Br.), cabinet officer (US), department head (US), Secretary of State (Br.), Secretary (US), Minister;
• in seiner Eigenschaft als Minister in his ministerial capacity;
• amtierender Minister acting minister;
• früherer Minister late minister;
• Minister für auswärtige Angelegenheiten Minister of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Secretary (Br.), Secretary of State (US);
• Minister mit besonderen Aufgaben [etwa] Paymaster General (Br.);
• Minister für Energiewirtschaft Minister of Power (Br.);
• Minister für Fragen des Umweltschutzes Minister of Environment (Br.), environmental minister;
• Minister ohne Geschäftsbereich non-departmental minister, Minister without portfolio;
• Minister für Gesundheit, Erziehung und Sozialfragen Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare (Br.);
• Minister des Inneren Home Secretary (Br.), Secretary of State for Home Affairs (US);
• Minister für Post- und Fernmeldewesen Minister for Post and Telecommunications (Br.);
• Minister für Soziales Minister of Social Security (Br.);
• Minister für Transport und Verkehrswesen Secretary of State for Transportation (US), Minister of Transport (Br.);
• Minister für Umweltfragen environment minister, Environment Secretary (Br.);
• Minister für Wirtschaft Minister of Economic Affairs (Br.);
• Minister für Wohnungsbau Minister of Housing and Local Government (Br.);
• Minister in sein Amt einführen to install a minister into a new charge;
• Minister stürzen to unseat a minister;
• Ministeramt portfolio, ministerial post, ministry, secretaryship;
• Ministeramt erhalten to attain ministerial office;
• Ministerausschuss ministerial committee;
• Ministerbank (parl.) treasury (front) bench (Br.), ministerial benches;
• Ministerbezüge cabinet wage.

Business german-english dictionary > Minister
13 CC

1) Общая лексика: phone country code Country Code, credit card, coupled cluster метод связанных ( сопряжённых) кластеров

2) Компьютерная техника: Cyber Copy

3) Биология: Полный химеризм (Complete chimerism)

4) Авиация: cargo compartment, club class, communication computer, compass coupler, confidence check

5) Медицина: Carson City, creatinine clearance (клиренс креатинина), (clomiphene citrate) кломифен цитрат (пероральный антиэстрогенный препарат для контролируемой стимуляции овуляции. Стимулирует высвобождение в организме собственного фолликулостимулирующего гормона (ФСГ))

6) Спорт: Car Craft, Clutch Catches, Conference Champion

7) Военный термин: Cadet Corps, Carbon Composites, Channel Command, Chief of Chaplains, Clearing Course, Cloud Cover, Coastal Command, Collection Center, Combat Commandant, Command Ship, Commander, Communication Center, Communications Controller, Compilation Control, Computer Compatible, Concentration Camp, Construction Corps, Criteria Check, camp commandant, card code, career control, central control, chief clerk, chief comptroller, chief controller, chief counsel, circuit control, classification of characteristics, code check, code control, collecting center, color code, combat center, combat clothing, combat command, combat commander, combat control, combat correspondent, command center, command coder, command computer, command conference, command control, commercial consumables, communications center, communications central, communications complex, communications console, company commander, compass course, computation center, configuration control, confined to camp, confinement camp, control center, control circuit, control console, copied correctly, corps commander, corrected copy, correlation center, cost contract, counterclockwise, cushion craft, cyanogen chloride, командование береговой авиации, курсантский состав, (H) Close Combat (Heavy), (L) Close Combat (Light), control cell

8) Техника: "следующее слово шифром", Common Council, cation conductivity, center-to-center, central console, centrifugal charging, chain command, channel capacity, circuit closing, classified contract, close coupling, clutter cancellation, code converter, coefficient of correlation, coincident current, color contrast, command console, common communicator, common-collector transistor connection, communications chief, communications computer, complex-conjugate, computer calculator, computer complex, computer-controlled, concentric cable, conducting channel, conductive coating, conductivity cell, confidence coefficient, conformal coating, cooling coil, coordinate converter, cost code, counter countermeasures, cross couple, cyclic check

9) Сельское хозяйство: Coliform Count, Conventional Color, contemporary comparison

10) Шутливое выражение: Charm City

11) Религия: Christian Coalition, Christian Company

12) Метеорология: Cumulus Cell

13) Железнодорожный термин: Chicago Central and Pacific Railroad Company

14) Юридический термин: Close Call, Copy Culprit, Crack Cocaine, Кавалер Ордена Канады (Companion of Order of Canada)

15) Бухгалтерия: Card Cash

16) Автомобильный термин: catalytic converter, climate control, cruise control

17) Ветеринария: Calico Cat

18) Телекоммуникации: Committed Burst Size, Connect Confirmation, Cluster Controller (IBM), Country Code (ITU-T)

19) Сокращение: C (language) Compiler, Caius College, Central Committee, Charge Crueze (Shaped charge), Chess Club, Chrysler Corporation, Circulation Control (wing design), Cirrocumulus, Civil aircraft marking (Chile), Close Combat, Closed Circuit, Coastal Command (UK Royal Air Force), Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Common Councilman, Composite Command (USAF), Continuous Current, Control C, Corps Consulaire (France), Cricket Club, Currency Challenged, Cycling Club, cashier's check, city council, city councillor, civil court, continuation clause, county council, county court, Call on Carry, Carbon Copy - a copy of a message, sent to somebody without adding his address to the list of primary recipients., Centre-to-Centre, Certificate of Conformance, Classification Code, Colour Code, Common Carrier, Common Collector, Community College, Conditional Code, Critical Crack, chief complaint, Общие критерии оценки безопасности информационных технологий, ОК (Common Criteria For Information Technology Security Evaluation)

20) Текстиль: C Cup

21) Физиология: Caucasian child, Current Complaint

22) Фото: Colour Compensating

23) Электроника: Chip Carrier, Cluster Controller, Coiled Coil, Common Cathode, Comparison Circuit

24) Вычислительная техника: Cross Connector, card column, carriage control, combination card, combinatorial circuit, command complete, condition code, connecting circuit, cross correlation, Continuity Cell (ATM), Country Code (MS-ISDN, GSM, Mobile-Systems), код условия, цветовой код, центральный компьютер

25) Литература: Credentials Committee

26) Нефть: casing cemented, communications cabinet, критическая трещина (critical crevice), сертификат соответствия техническим условиям (certificate of conformance)

27) Иммунология: Complex Conjugation

28) Онкология: Cancer Center, Colorectal Cancer

29) Связь: Cross Connect

30) Картография: country club

31) Банковское дело: кредит в наличной форме (cash credit), торговая палата (chamber of commerce), чек кассира (cashier's check), чек на банк, расположенный в другом городе (country check), чек, выписанный банком на себя (cashier's check)

32) Транспорт: Carrying Capacity, Computer Cars

33) Пищевая промышленность: Caloric Counter, Calorie Counter, Canadian Club, Chocolate Chip, Cookies And Cream

34) Фирменный знак: Captor, Clear Channel, Close Corporation, Continental Coin, Cyber Cafe, Computer Concepts (Company)

35) Экология: critical concentration

36) СМИ: Close Captioned, Closed Captioning

37) Деловая лексика: Common Criteria, машинописная копия (carbon copy), машинописный экземпляр, полученный через копировальную бумагу (carbon copy)

38) Производство: communication (в значении связи с общественностью)

39) Образование: Child Care

40) Инвестиции: cash credit, chamber of commerce, country check

41) Сетевые технологии: Client Capability, Courtesy Copy, central computer, комбинированная плата, центральная ЭВМ

42) Полимеры: combined carbon, conductive channel, cotton cloth

43) Программирование: Carry Clear, Clear The Command

44) Автоматика: component connection, computer center

45) Контроль качества: correction for continuity

46) Океанография: Conversion Current

47) Сахалин Ю: spent caustic

48) Хроматография: calibration curve

49) Велосипеды: cross country

50) Расширение файла: CC language source (CC), CC language source code file (cc), C++ language source code file (gcc)

51) SAP.тех. вычислительный центр

52) Строительные материалы: хлорид кальция (см. Calcium Chloride)

53) Электротехника: ceramic capacitor, connector circuit, continuity criterion

54) Имена и фамилии: Cecil Cornelius, Christopher Columbus, Crazy Cat

55) Молекулярная биология: coiled-coil

56) Должность: Chief Of Communications, Circus Chimp

57) Чат: Come Closer, Cutie Cutie

58) Правительство: Cox's Cove

59) NYSE. Circuit City Stores, Inc.

60) Хобби: Command and Conquer

61) Единицы измерений: Computer Centre, Cubic Centimetre

62) Международная торговля: Crime Control

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > CC
14 Cc

1) Общая лексика: phone country code Country Code, credit card, coupled cluster метод связанных ( сопряжённых) кластеров

2) Компьютерная техника: Cyber Copy

3) Биология: Полный химеризм (Complete chimerism)

4) Авиация: cargo compartment, club class, communication computer, compass coupler, confidence check

5) Медицина: Carson City, creatinine clearance (клиренс креатинина), (clomiphene citrate) кломифен цитрат (пероральный антиэстрогенный препарат для контролируемой стимуляции овуляции. Стимулирует высвобождение в организме собственного фолликулостимулирующего гормона (ФСГ))

6) Спорт: Car Craft, Clutch Catches, Conference Champion

7) Военный термин: Cadet Corps, Carbon Composites, Channel Command, Chief of Chaplains, Clearing Course, Cloud Cover, Coastal Command, Collection Center, Combat Commandant, Command Ship, Commander, Communication Center, Communications Controller, Compilation Control, Computer Compatible, Concentration Camp, Construction Corps, Criteria Check, camp commandant, card code, career control, central control, chief clerk, chief comptroller, chief controller, chief counsel, circuit control, classification of characteristics, code check, code control, collecting center, color code, combat center, combat clothing, combat command, combat commander, combat control, combat correspondent, command center, command coder, command computer, command conference, command control, commercial consumables, communications center, communications central, communications complex, communications console, company commander, compass course, computation center, configuration control, confined to camp, confinement camp, control center, control circuit, control console, copied correctly, corps commander, corrected copy, correlation center, cost contract, counterclockwise, cushion craft, cyanogen chloride, командование береговой авиации, курсантский состав, (H) Close Combat (Heavy), (L) Close Combat (Light), control cell

8) Техника: "следующее слово шифром", Common Council, cation conductivity, center-to-center, central console, centrifugal charging, chain command, channel capacity, circuit closing, classified contract, close coupling, clutter cancellation, code converter, coefficient of correlation, coincident current, color contrast, command console, common communicator, common-collector transistor connection, communications chief, communications computer, complex-conjugate, computer calculator, computer complex, computer-controlled, concentric cable, conducting channel, conductive coating, conductivity cell, confidence coefficient, conformal coating, cooling coil, coordinate converter, cost code, counter countermeasures, cross couple, cyclic check

9) Сельское хозяйство: Coliform Count, Conventional Color, contemporary comparison

10) Шутливое выражение: Charm City

11) Религия: Christian Coalition, Christian Company

12) Метеорология: Cumulus Cell

13) Железнодорожный термин: Chicago Central and Pacific Railroad Company

14) Юридический термин: Close Call, Copy Culprit, Crack Cocaine, Кавалер Ордена Канады (Companion of Order of Canada)

15) Бухгалтерия: Card Cash

16) Автомобильный термин: catalytic converter, climate control, cruise control

17) Ветеринария: Calico Cat

18) Телекоммуникации: Committed Burst Size, Connect Confirmation, Cluster Controller (IBM), Country Code (ITU-T)

19) Сокращение: C (language) Compiler, Caius College, Central Committee, Charge Crueze (Shaped charge), Chess Club, Chrysler Corporation, Circulation Control (wing design), Cirrocumulus, Civil aircraft marking (Chile), Close Combat, Closed Circuit, Coastal Command (UK Royal Air Force), Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Common Councilman, Composite Command (USAF), Continuous Current, Control C, Corps Consulaire (France), Cricket Club, Currency Challenged, Cycling Club, cashier's check, city council, city councillor, civil court, continuation clause, county council, county court, Call on Carry, Carbon Copy - a copy of a message, sent to somebody without adding his address to the list of primary recipients., Centre-to-Centre, Certificate of Conformance, Classification Code, Colour Code, Common Carrier, Common Collector, Community College, Conditional Code, Critical Crack, chief complaint, Общие критерии оценки безопасности информационных технологий, ОК (Common Criteria For Information Technology Security Evaluation)

20) Текстиль: C Cup

21) Физиология: Caucasian child, Current Complaint

22) Фото: Colour Compensating

23) Электроника: Chip Carrier, Cluster Controller, Coiled Coil, Common Cathode, Comparison Circuit

24) Вычислительная техника: Cross Connector, card column, carriage control, combination card, combinatorial circuit, command complete, condition code, connecting circuit, cross correlation, Continuity Cell (ATM), Country Code (MS-ISDN, GSM, Mobile-Systems), код условия, цветовой код, центральный компьютер

25) Литература: Credentials Committee

26) Нефть: casing cemented, communications cabinet, критическая трещина (critical crevice), сертификат соответствия техническим условиям (certificate of conformance)

27) Иммунология: Complex Conjugation

28) Онкология: Cancer Center, Colorectal Cancer

29) Связь: Cross Connect

30) Картография: country club

31) Банковское дело: кредит в наличной форме (cash credit), торговая палата (chamber of commerce), чек кассира (cashier's check), чек на банк, расположенный в другом городе (country check), чек, выписанный банком на себя (cashier's check)

32) Транспорт: Carrying Capacity, Computer Cars

33) Пищевая промышленность: Caloric Counter, Calorie Counter, Canadian Club, Chocolate Chip, Cookies And Cream

34) Фирменный знак: Captor, Clear Channel, Close Corporation, Continental Coin, Cyber Cafe, Computer Concepts (Company)

35) Экология: critical concentration

36) СМИ: Close Captioned, Closed Captioning

37) Деловая лексика: Common Criteria, машинописная копия (carbon copy), машинописный экземпляр, полученный через копировальную бумагу (carbon copy)

38) Производство: communication (в значении связи с общественностью)

39) Образование: Child Care

40) Инвестиции: cash credit, chamber of commerce, country check

41) Сетевые технологии: Client Capability, Courtesy Copy, central computer, комбинированная плата, центральная ЭВМ

42) Полимеры: combined carbon, conductive channel, cotton cloth

43) Программирование: Carry Clear, Clear The Command

44) Автоматика: component connection, computer center

45) Контроль качества: correction for continuity

46) Океанография: Conversion Current

47) Сахалин Ю: spent caustic

48) Хроматография: calibration curve

49) Велосипеды: cross country

50) Расширение файла: CC language source (CC), CC language source code file (cc), C++ language source code file (gcc)

51) SAP.тех. вычислительный центр

52) Строительные материалы: хлорид кальция (см. Calcium Chloride)

53) Электротехника: ceramic capacitor, connector circuit, continuity criterion

54) Имена и фамилии: Cecil Cornelius, Christopher Columbus, Crazy Cat

55) Молекулярная биология: coiled-coil

56) Должность: Chief Of Communications, Circus Chimp

57) Чат: Come Closer, Cutie Cutie

58) Правительство: Cox's Cove

59) NYSE. Circuit City Stores, Inc.

60) Хобби: Command and Conquer

61) Единицы измерений: Computer Centre, Cubic Centimetre

62) Международная торговля: Crime Control

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Cc
15 FC

1) Компьютерная техника: File Control

2) Медицина: fold change (кратность изменения), Food consumption, fibrosing colonopathy

3) Американизм: Final Candidate, Foreign Country

4) Спорт: Field Champion, Fight Club

5) Военный термин: Fighter Command, Finance Code, Finance Corps, Fire Control, First Company, Flag Carrier, Forced Collaboration, Fractional Coverage, Friendly Capability, Fuze Committee, facilities construction, facilities contract, facilities control, field camera, field change, field circular, field command, file cabinet, filter center, fine control, fire clothing, fire code, fire commander, fire controlman, fixed camera, fixed coast, fixed cost, flexible connection, flight capsule, flight chart, flight control, flight crew, flying commission, fuel capacity, full capacity, function capabilities, functional check-out, functional code, fund code

6) Техника: fail closed, failure cause, failure count, failure criterion, fast computer, fault coverage, flat crested wear, flow controller, fluorine to carbon ratio, focus converter, foot-candle, fronted computer, fuel cycle, functional characteristics, functional checkout, обозначение для береговых станций (МСЭ), обозначение радиовещательных станций, Frequency Converter

7) Сельское хозяйство: field capacity, final control

8) Шутливое выражение: Fillet Correlation

9) Химия: Face Cell, Fragment Crystallization

10) Строительство: "For Construction" (пометка на чертежах)

11) Математика: Fourier Coefficient, коэффициент Фурье (Fourier constant), состоятельность в смысле Фишера (Fisher consistency), состоятельный в смысле Фишера (Fisher consistent), функциональное исчисление (functional calculus)

12) Метеорология: Firm Condensation, Funnel Cloud

13) Железнодорожный термин: Fulton County Railroad Incorporated

14) Юридический термин: Female Corrective, Full Code, NAFO Fisheries Commission

15) Бухгалтерия: Finance Charge, Financial Capital, fixed costs

16) Автомобильный термин: fan control

17) Геодезия: Fiducial Center

18) Металлургия: Full Corners

19) Оптика: фут-свечей

20) Телекоммуникации: Frame Control

21) Сокращение: Corvette, Fighter Control / Controller, Fleet Commander, Football Club, Foreign Currency, Free Church, fireclay, front connection, front-connected, frequency changer

22) Текстиль: Fedora Core

23) Физиология: Freeze Candidate

24) Электроника: Field Cooling, Flip Chip, Forward Control, fault circuit

25) Вычислительная техника: Feedback Control, face change, file compare, font cartridge, font change, Frame Control (FDDI, Token Ring), Federal Criteria (for information technology security, NIST, USA), смена типа шрифта, сравнение файлов

26) Нефть: Finance Committee, field code, filter cake, float collar, full cost, глинистая корка (на стенке скважины), критерий отказа (failure creteria), муфта обсадной колонны с обратным клапаном (float collar), остаток на фильтре, полнота обнаружения неисправностей (fault coverage), причина отказа (failure cause)

27) Биохимия: Free Cholesterol

28) Транспорт: First Class, Flying Club, Fuel Cell

29) Пищевая промышленность: Food Choice, Fried Chicken

30) Фирменный знак: Fairchild

31) Экология: fecal coliform

32) СМИ: Fragile Classics, The French Connection (movie)

33) Деловая лексика: File Card, Friedman Curve, иностранная валюта

34) Бурение: фильтрационная корка (filter cake; на стенке скважины)

35) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Finance Controller, Flow control, fail close

36) Сетевые технологии: Fast Class, Fast Connection, Fibre Channel

37) Полимеры: fixed carbon, furnace cooling

38) Программирование: Fix Command, Flag Complex

39) Автоматика: full classification

40) Океанография: Flood Control

41) Химическое оружие: found concentration

42) Макаров: fire cock, flight computer, function code, furnace cool

43) Расширение файла: Harvard Graphics 2.0 Spell checking dictionary

44) SAP.тех. код функции

45) Нефть и газ: fully closed

46) Электротехника: faulted circuit, ferrite core, frequency conversion

47) Имена и фамилии: Freddie Couples, Freddy Creel

48) Общественная организация: First Candle

49) Должность: Female Channeler, Foreign Correspondent, Freaky Clown

50) Чат: Face Contact

51) NYSE. Franklin Covey Company

52) НАСА: Frequency Control

53) Программное обеспечение: Fortran Compiler, Full Control

54) Хобби: Fishing Club

55) Единицы измерений: Federal Credits

56) Базы данных: File Check

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > FC
16 cc

1) Общая лексика: phone country code Country Code, credit card, coupled cluster метод связанных ( сопряжённых) кластеров

2) Компьютерная техника: Cyber Copy

3) Биология: Полный химеризм (Complete chimerism)

4) Авиация: cargo compartment, club class, communication computer, compass coupler, confidence check

5) Медицина: Carson City, creatinine clearance (клиренс креатинина), (clomiphene citrate) кломифен цитрат (пероральный антиэстрогенный препарат для контролируемой стимуляции овуляции. Стимулирует высвобождение в организме собственного фолликулостимулирующего гормона (ФСГ))

6) Спорт: Car Craft, Clutch Catches, Conference Champion

7) Военный термин: Cadet Corps, Carbon Composites, Channel Command, Chief of Chaplains, Clearing Course, Cloud Cover, Coastal Command, Collection Center, Combat Commandant, Command Ship, Commander, Communication Center, Communications Controller, Compilation Control, Computer Compatible, Concentration Camp, Construction Corps, Criteria Check, camp commandant, card code, career control, central control, chief clerk, chief comptroller, chief controller, chief counsel, circuit control, classification of characteristics, code check, code control, collecting center, color code, combat center, combat clothing, combat command, combat commander, combat control, combat correspondent, command center, command coder, command computer, command conference, command control, commercial consumables, communications center, communications central, communications complex, communications console, company commander, compass course, computation center, configuration control, confined to camp, confinement camp, control center, control circuit, control console, copied correctly, corps commander, corrected copy, correlation center, cost contract, counterclockwise, cushion craft, cyanogen chloride, командование береговой авиации, курсантский состав, (H) Close Combat (Heavy), (L) Close Combat (Light), control cell

8) Техника: "следующее слово шифром", Common Council, cation conductivity, center-to-center, central console, centrifugal charging, chain command, channel capacity, circuit closing, classified contract, close coupling, clutter cancellation, code converter, coefficient of correlation, coincident current, color contrast, command console, common communicator, common-collector transistor connection, communications chief, communications computer, complex-conjugate, computer calculator, computer complex, computer-controlled, concentric cable, conducting channel, conductive coating, conductivity cell, confidence coefficient, conformal coating, cooling coil, coordinate converter, cost code, counter countermeasures, cross couple, cyclic check

9) Сельское хозяйство: Coliform Count, Conventional Color, contemporary comparison

10) Шутливое выражение: Charm City

11) Религия: Christian Coalition, Christian Company

12) Метеорология: Cumulus Cell

13) Железнодорожный термин: Chicago Central and Pacific Railroad Company

14) Юридический термин: Close Call, Copy Culprit, Crack Cocaine, Кавалер Ордена Канады (Companion of Order of Canada)

15) Бухгалтерия: Card Cash

16) Автомобильный термин: catalytic converter, climate control, cruise control

17) Ветеринария: Calico Cat

18) Телекоммуникации: Committed Burst Size, Connect Confirmation, Cluster Controller (IBM), Country Code (ITU-T)

19) Сокращение: C (language) Compiler, Caius College, Central Committee, Charge Crueze (Shaped charge), Chess Club, Chrysler Corporation, Circulation Control (wing design), Cirrocumulus, Civil aircraft marking (Chile), Close Combat, Closed Circuit, Coastal Command (UK Royal Air Force), Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Common Councilman, Composite Command (USAF), Continuous Current, Control C, Corps Consulaire (France), Cricket Club, Currency Challenged, Cycling Club, cashier's check, city council, city councillor, civil court, continuation clause, county council, county court, Call on Carry, Carbon Copy - a copy of a message, sent to somebody without adding his address to the list of primary recipients., Centre-to-Centre, Certificate of Conformance, Classification Code, Colour Code, Common Carrier, Common Collector, Community College, Conditional Code, Critical Crack, chief complaint, Общие критерии оценки безопасности информационных технологий, ОК (Common Criteria For Information Technology Security Evaluation)

20) Текстиль: C Cup

21) Физиология: Caucasian child, Current Complaint

22) Фото: Colour Compensating

23) Электроника: Chip Carrier, Cluster Controller, Coiled Coil, Common Cathode, Comparison Circuit

24) Вычислительная техника: Cross Connector, card column, carriage control, combination card, combinatorial circuit, command complete, condition code, connecting circuit, cross correlation, Continuity Cell (ATM), Country Code (MS-ISDN, GSM, Mobile-Systems), код условия, цветовой код, центральный компьютер

25) Литература: Credentials Committee

26) Нефть: casing cemented, communications cabinet, критическая трещина (critical crevice), сертификат соответствия техническим условиям (certificate of conformance)

27) Иммунология: Complex Conjugation

28) Онкология: Cancer Center, Colorectal Cancer

29) Связь: Cross Connect

30) Картография: country club

31) Банковское дело: кредит в наличной форме (cash credit), торговая палата (chamber of commerce), чек кассира (cashier's check), чек на банк, расположенный в другом городе (country check), чек, выписанный банком на себя (cashier's check)

32) Транспорт: Carrying Capacity, Computer Cars

33) Пищевая промышленность: Caloric Counter, Calorie Counter, Canadian Club, Chocolate Chip, Cookies And Cream

34) Фирменный знак: Captor, Clear Channel, Close Corporation, Continental Coin, Cyber Cafe, Computer Concepts (Company)

35) Экология: critical concentration

36) СМИ: Close Captioned, Closed Captioning

37) Деловая лексика: Common Criteria, машинописная копия (carbon copy), машинописный экземпляр, полученный через копировальную бумагу (carbon copy)

38) Производство: communication (в значении связи с общественностью)

39) Образование: Child Care

40) Инвестиции: cash credit, chamber of commerce, country check

41) Сетевые технологии: Client Capability, Courtesy Copy, central computer, комбинированная плата, центральная ЭВМ

42) Полимеры: combined carbon, conductive channel, cotton cloth

43) Программирование: Carry Clear, Clear The Command

44) Автоматика: component connection, computer center

45) Контроль качества: correction for continuity

46) Океанография: Conversion Current

47) Сахалин Ю: spent caustic

48) Хроматография: calibration curve

49) Велосипеды: cross country

50) Расширение файла: CC language source (CC), CC language source code file (cc), C++ language source code file (gcc)

51) SAP.тех. вычислительный центр

52) Строительные материалы: хлорид кальция (см. Calcium Chloride)

53) Электротехника: ceramic capacitor, connector circuit, continuity criterion

54) Имена и фамилии: Cecil Cornelius, Christopher Columbus, Crazy Cat

55) Молекулярная биология: coiled-coil

56) Должность: Chief Of Communications, Circus Chimp

57) Чат: Come Closer, Cutie Cutie

58) Правительство: Cox's Cove

59) NYSE. Circuit City Stores, Inc.

60) Хобби: Command and Conquer

61) Единицы измерений: Computer Centre, Cubic Centimetre

62) Международная торговля: Crime Control

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > cc
17 fC

1) Компьютерная техника: File Control

2) Медицина: fold change (кратность изменения), Food consumption, fibrosing colonopathy

3) Американизм: Final Candidate, Foreign Country

4) Спорт: Field Champion, Fight Club

5) Военный термин: Fighter Command, Finance Code, Finance Corps, Fire Control, First Company, Flag Carrier, Forced Collaboration, Fractional Coverage, Friendly Capability, Fuze Committee, facilities construction, facilities contract, facilities control, field camera, field change, field circular, field command, file cabinet, filter center, fine control, fire clothing, fire code, fire commander, fire controlman, fixed camera, fixed coast, fixed cost, flexible connection, flight capsule, flight chart, flight control, flight crew, flying commission, fuel capacity, full capacity, function capabilities, functional check-out, functional code, fund code

6) Техника: fail closed, failure cause, failure count, failure criterion, fast computer, fault coverage, flat crested wear, flow controller, fluorine to carbon ratio, focus converter, foot-candle, fronted computer, fuel cycle, functional characteristics, functional checkout, обозначение для береговых станций (МСЭ), обозначение радиовещательных станций, Frequency Converter

7) Сельское хозяйство: field capacity, final control

8) Шутливое выражение: Fillet Correlation

9) Химия: Face Cell, Fragment Crystallization

10) Строительство: "For Construction" (пометка на чертежах)

11) Математика: Fourier Coefficient, коэффициент Фурье (Fourier constant), состоятельность в смысле Фишера (Fisher consistency), состоятельный в смысле Фишера (Fisher consistent), функциональное исчисление (functional calculus)

12) Метеорология: Firm Condensation, Funnel Cloud

13) Железнодорожный термин: Fulton County Railroad Incorporated

14) Юридический термин: Female Corrective, Full Code, NAFO Fisheries Commission

15) Бухгалтерия: Finance Charge, Financial Capital, fixed costs

16) Автомобильный термин: fan control

17) Геодезия: Fiducial Center

18) Металлургия: Full Corners

19) Оптика: фут-свечей

20) Телекоммуникации: Frame Control

21) Сокращение: Corvette, Fighter Control / Controller, Fleet Commander, Football Club, Foreign Currency, Free Church, fireclay, front connection, front-connected, frequency changer

22) Текстиль: Fedora Core

23) Физиология: Freeze Candidate

24) Электроника: Field Cooling, Flip Chip, Forward Control, fault circuit

25) Вычислительная техника: Feedback Control, face change, file compare, font cartridge, font change, Frame Control (FDDI, Token Ring), Federal Criteria (for information technology security, NIST, USA), смена типа шрифта, сравнение файлов

26) Нефть: Finance Committee, field code, filter cake, float collar, full cost, глинистая корка (на стенке скважины), критерий отказа (failure creteria), муфта обсадной колонны с обратным клапаном (float collar), остаток на фильтре, полнота обнаружения неисправностей (fault coverage), причина отказа (failure cause)

27) Биохимия: Free Cholesterol

28) Транспорт: First Class, Flying Club, Fuel Cell

29) Пищевая промышленность: Food Choice, Fried Chicken

30) Фирменный знак: Fairchild

31) Экология: fecal coliform

32) СМИ: Fragile Classics, The French Connection (movie)

33) Деловая лексика: File Card, Friedman Curve, иностранная валюта

34) Бурение: фильтрационная корка (filter cake; на стенке скважины)

35) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Finance Controller, Flow control, fail close

36) Сетевые технологии: Fast Class, Fast Connection, Fibre Channel

37) Полимеры: fixed carbon, furnace cooling

38) Программирование: Fix Command, Flag Complex

39) Автоматика: full classification

40) Океанография: Flood Control

41) Химическое оружие: found concentration

42) Макаров: fire cock, flight computer, function code, furnace cool

43) Расширение файла: Harvard Graphics 2.0 Spell checking dictionary

44) SAP.тех. код функции

45) Нефть и газ: fully closed

46) Электротехника: faulted circuit, ferrite core, frequency conversion

47) Имена и фамилии: Freddie Couples, Freddy Creel

48) Общественная организация: First Candle

49) Должность: Female Channeler, Foreign Correspondent, Freaky Clown

50) Чат: Face Contact

51) NYSE. Franklin Covey Company

52) НАСА: Frequency Control

53) Программное обеспечение: Fortran Compiler, Full Control

54) Хобби: Fishing Club

55) Единицы измерений: Federal Credits

56) Базы данных: File Check

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > fC
18 fc

1) Компьютерная техника: File Control

2) Медицина: fold change (кратность изменения), Food consumption, fibrosing colonopathy

3) Американизм: Final Candidate, Foreign Country

4) Спорт: Field Champion, Fight Club

5) Военный термин: Fighter Command, Finance Code, Finance Corps, Fire Control, First Company, Flag Carrier, Forced Collaboration, Fractional Coverage, Friendly Capability, Fuze Committee, facilities construction, facilities contract, facilities control, field camera, field change, field circular, field command, file cabinet, filter center, fine control, fire clothing, fire code, fire commander, fire controlman, fixed camera, fixed coast, fixed cost, flexible connection, flight capsule, flight chart, flight control, flight crew, flying commission, fuel capacity, full capacity, function capabilities, functional check-out, functional code, fund code

6) Техника: fail closed, failure cause, failure count, failure criterion, fast computer, fault coverage, flat crested wear, flow controller, fluorine to carbon ratio, focus converter, foot-candle, fronted computer, fuel cycle, functional characteristics, functional checkout, обозначение для береговых станций (МСЭ), обозначение радиовещательных станций, Frequency Converter

7) Сельское хозяйство: field capacity, final control

8) Шутливое выражение: Fillet Correlation

9) Химия: Face Cell, Fragment Crystallization

10) Строительство: "For Construction" (пометка на чертежах)

11) Математика: Fourier Coefficient, коэффициент Фурье (Fourier constant), состоятельность в смысле Фишера (Fisher consistency), состоятельный в смысле Фишера (Fisher consistent), функциональное исчисление (functional calculus)

12) Метеорология: Firm Condensation, Funnel Cloud

13) Железнодорожный термин: Fulton County Railroad Incorporated

14) Юридический термин: Female Corrective, Full Code, NAFO Fisheries Commission

15) Бухгалтерия: Finance Charge, Financial Capital, fixed costs

16) Автомобильный термин: fan control

17) Геодезия: Fiducial Center

18) Металлургия: Full Corners

19) Оптика: фут-свечей

20) Телекоммуникации: Frame Control

21) Сокращение: Corvette, Fighter Control / Controller, Fleet Commander, Football Club, Foreign Currency, Free Church, fireclay, front connection, front-connected, frequency changer

22) Текстиль: Fedora Core

23) Физиология: Freeze Candidate

24) Электроника: Field Cooling, Flip Chip, Forward Control, fault circuit

25) Вычислительная техника: Feedback Control, face change, file compare, font cartridge, font change, Frame Control (FDDI, Token Ring), Federal Criteria (for information technology security, NIST, USA), смена типа шрифта, сравнение файлов

26) Нефть: Finance Committee, field code, filter cake, float collar, full cost, глинистая корка (на стенке скважины), критерий отказа (failure creteria), муфта обсадной колонны с обратным клапаном (float collar), остаток на фильтре, полнота обнаружения неисправностей (fault coverage), причина отказа (failure cause)

27) Биохимия: Free Cholesterol

28) Транспорт: First Class, Flying Club, Fuel Cell

29) Пищевая промышленность: Food Choice, Fried Chicken

30) Фирменный знак: Fairchild

31) Экология: fecal coliform

32) СМИ: Fragile Classics, The French Connection (movie)

33) Деловая лексика: File Card, Friedman Curve, иностранная валюта

34) Бурение: фильтрационная корка (filter cake; на стенке скважины)

35) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Finance Controller, Flow control, fail close

36) Сетевые технологии: Fast Class, Fast Connection, Fibre Channel

37) Полимеры: fixed carbon, furnace cooling

38) Программирование: Fix Command, Flag Complex

39) Автоматика: full classification

40) Океанография: Flood Control

41) Химическое оружие: found concentration

42) Макаров: fire cock, flight computer, function code, furnace cool

43) Расширение файла: Harvard Graphics 2.0 Spell checking dictionary

44) SAP.тех. код функции

45) Нефть и газ: fully closed

46) Электротехника: faulted circuit, ferrite core, frequency conversion

47) Имена и фамилии: Freddie Couples, Freddy Creel

48) Общественная организация: First Candle

49) Должность: Female Channeler, Foreign Correspondent, Freaky Clown

50) Чат: Face Contact

51) NYSE. Franklin Covey Company

52) НАСА: Frequency Control

53) Программное обеспечение: Fortran Compiler, Full Control

54) Хобби: Fishing Club

55) Единицы измерений: Federal Credits

56) Базы данных: File Check

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > fc
19 FSC

1) Общая лексика: foreign sales corporation, federal supply classification

2) Компьютерная техника: Fujitsu Siemens Computer

3) Медицина: forward side scatter (проточная цитометрия)

4) Спорт: Factor Score Coefficients, Florida Ski Council

5) Военный термин: Federal Supply Category, Field Service Company, Field Simulation Center, Fire Support Coordination, Fleet Satellite Communications, Force Structure Conference, Forces Structure Committee, Forces Study Center, Future Sailor Cabinet, family services center, federal stock catalog, federal stock class, federal stock control, federal supply catalog, federal supply code, fire support center, fire support coordinator, first-strike capability, flight service center, flying status code, food service center, foreign service credits, forward scatter, forward support company, Форум по сотрудничеству в области безопасности

6) Техника: fault simulation comparator, feature space classifier, fixed silicon capacitor, flexible shielded cable

7) Юридический термин: Forum Selection Clause

8) Бухгалтерия: иностранная экспортная компания (foreign sales corporation)

9) Биржевой термин: Federal Stock Classification, Financial Status Category

10) Лесоводство: Forest Stewardship Council

11) Сокращение: Facilities Service Center, Federal Supply Classification (USA), Federal Supreme Court, Field Standard C (British Army), Forest Stewardship Council (environmental compliance ratings), Fuel Savings Computer, Full-Service Contractor, fail-safe concept, full scale, Future Surface Combatant (Formerly Future Escort; UK Royal Navy), ЛПС (Forest Stewardship Council - Лесной попечительский совет)

12) Университет: Factor Score Coefficient, Family School Connection

13) Физиология: Fracture, Simple Comminuted

14) Вычислительная техника: Fujitsu Siemens Computer (Hersteller)

15) Нефть: fail safe controller, fail-safe close valve, принцип сохранения работоспособности при отказе отдельных элементов (fail-safe concept)

16) Иммунология: free secretory component, прямое светорассеяние

17) Фирменный знак: Filing Services Canada, Five Star Construction, Food Supplement Company, Free Spirit Comics, Fujitsu Siemens Computers

18) Деловая лексика: Financial Services Commission, Комиссия по финансовым услугам

19) Нефтегазовая техника закрывающийся предохранительный

20) Сахалин Ю: fail safe control

21) Нефть и газ: fail safe closed

22) Военно-политический термин: Forum for Security Cooperation

23) Должность: Forest Stewardship Certification

24) Международная торговля: Fuel Surcharge

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > FSC
20 OSC

1) Общая лексика: one stop centre

2) Компьютерная техника: Optimizing Sisal Compiler

3) Американизм: Office of Special Counsel

4) Спорт: Ottawa Ski Club

5) Военный термин: Office of the Security Council, Operation Support Center, Operational Support Company, Operations Support Cell, Operations Support Center, Ordnance Systems Command, Overseas Staff College, on-scene commander, operational simulator console, operations sequence chart, organizational supply code

6) Техника: Oncology Services Corporation, on-board star catalog, operating support center, operational summary console, operational switching cabinet, operational system configuration, oscillating, oscilloscope, oscilloscopy

7) Химия: oxygen storage capacity

8) Религия: The Order Of Saint Clare

9) Юридический термин: Office of State Controller, Organized Serial Crimes

10) Автомобильный термин: output State check (Ford)

11) Сокращение: Objective Supply Capability, Office of Satellite Communications, Operational System Control, Optical Sensor Converter, Orbital Sciences Corp. (USA), Orbital Sciences Corporation, oscillate, oscillator, oscillograph

12) Университет: Ohio Supercomputer Center

13) Физиология: Objective Straight Chiropractic

14) Электроника: Open Sound Control, Organic Solderability Coating

15) Вычислительная техника: Orbital Sciences Corporation (Space), Ohio Supercomputer Center (organization, USA)

16) Биохимия: Optimally Sensitive Controller

17) Экология: organic sulfur compound, organosulfur compound, organosulphur compound

18) Деловая лексика: Office Support Center, Online Service Center, Ontario Securities Commission, Operator Services Center

19) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: on-site coordinator

20) Образование: Other Side Of Creativity

21) Сетевые технологии: optical supervisory channel

22) Сахалин Р: Operations Safety Case

23) Океанография: Ocean Science Committee

24) Нефть и газ: кремний-органическое соединение, кремнийорганическое соединение, organic silicon compound, organosilicon compound

25) Электротехника: out-of-step conditions

26) Общественная организация: Orlando Science Center

27) Правительство: Office of the State Comptroller

28) НАСА: Office of Space Communications

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > OSC

См. также в других словарях:

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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Cabinet Committee on Security

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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Cabinet Committee on Security

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